Antenna Gain, Pattern and Polarity.

Three important electrical characteristics of an antenna are:- Antenna pattern, Gain, and Polarity. Lets discuss the three antenna properties in details.
 

Antenna Gain: -

Its a measure of signal strength in direction of transmission. This gain is in proportion to the signal strength when antenna is
In other words antenna gain for Omni-directional antenna is equal in all directions. For reference this gain is equal to 1 or 0 dB.

For directional antennas the antenna gain will be higher and will be focused in a narrower beam.

The amount of power that is received by the receiving antenna is proportional to: Transmitter Power x Transmit Antenna Gain x Receive Antenna Gain
Antenna Pattern:-

As the transmission between antennas involve electromagnetic energy which is not evenly distributed in all directions. The varying intensities of
an antenna’s radiated power in various directions is called the pattern of the antenna.

Complete antenna patterns are three-dimensional, although often only a two-dimensional slice of the pattern is shown when all the antennas of interest are located in roughly the same horizontal plane, along the ground rather than above or below one another.

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Antenna Pattern:-

As the transmission between antennas involve electromagnetic energy which is not evenly distributed in all directions. The varying intensities of
an antenna’s radiated power in various directions is called the pattern of the antenna.

Complete antenna patterns are three-dimensional, although often only a two-dimensional slice of the pattern is shown when all the antennas of interest are located in roughly the same horizontal plane, along the ground rather than above or below one another.

More on antenna patterns click here

Antenna Polarity:-

Its the direction at which the electromagnetic field directs as energy. For most antennas the polarity is elliptical. To optimize the receive energy the receiver must employ the identical polarization scheme as of Transmit antenna.

Some examples of 1 Transmit and 3 different Receive Antenna polarity.

Transmit antenna polarization :- Linear pointed in the vertical direction.
Receive antenna polarization 1 :- horizontal polarization
Receive antenna polarization 2 :- 45 degree offset vertical polarization.
Receive antenna polarization 3 :- vertical polarization

In RX antenna config 1 absolutely 0 transmit power will be received (In theory).

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