OFDM Principle for Wireless:-
Its a modulation scheme which transmits data over a large number of channels known as subcarriers. The most important property of OFDM is the orthogonal relationships of the sub-carriers.
Orthogonality in details :-
Signals are Orthogonal if they don’t interfere with each other. This interference can be avoided by controlling the transmission of the signals one of the several domains. Some of the most prominent domains are frequency, time and space.
In LTE, its done by synchronizing UE local frequency oscillator with the eNodeB and hence insuring Orthogonality between in-different sub-carriers. This results in theoretical zero inter-symbol-interference. This is very important requirement of OFDM systems.
SC-FDMA - Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SC-FDMA is still a multiple access scheme like OFMDA but avoids multiple carriers in transmission. With only one carrier at transmitter the signal has comparatively low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) -
Its a ratio of the peak amplitude of the waveform divided by the Root Mean Square Value (RMS) of the waveform.
With low PAPR the mobile terminal can increase transmit power efficiency.